IP地理定位技术综述：理论、方法与应用创新（一）

[1]刘学婷,台文鑫,周帆,等.IP地理定位技术综述：理论、方法与应用创新[J].通信学报,2025,46(04):33-48.

摘 要

IP地理定位在推断网络空间实体位置方面具有关键作用，广泛应用于通信系统优化、金融风险防控和网络拓扑测绘等地方。针对近20年IP地理定位领域的研究论文进行系统总结，分析各类技术的特点、优势与局限性，并深入调研实际应用场景和潜在发展方向。通过构建综合性IP地理定位技术体系框架，整合不同方法与范式，重点分析目前存在的问题，旨在为后续研究提供理论与方法论的支持，推动IP地理定位技术进一步发展和创新性应用。

关键词：网络空间实体；IP地理定位；数据挖掘；基准点分析；网络时延测量；机器学习；深度学习

中图分类号：TN393

文献标志码：A

DOI：10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2025046

Abstract

IP geolocation plays a critical role in determining the locations of cyberspace entities and is widely applied in important fields such as communication system optimization, financial risk prevention, and network topology mapping. The research papers in the field of IP geolocation over the past 20 years were reviewed systematically, the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of various approaches were analyzed, while exploring practical application scenarios and potential future development directions. The first comprehensive framework for IP geolocation technologies was also established in this review, different methods and paradigms were taxonomized, while the current challenges in accurate, trustworthy, and robust IP geolocations were analyzed. The goal is to provide theoretical and methodological support for fu‐ ture research, thereby promoting the further development and innovative applications of IP geolocation technologies.

Keywords: cyberspace entity, IP geolocation, data mining, anchor point analysis, network delay measurement, machine learning, deep learning

0 引言

互联网协议（IP, Internet protocol）地址是互联网主机的唯一标识符，用于虚拟位置寻址。IP地理 定位[1] 旨在确定IP地址对应的现实地理位置，通常以经纬度表示，如图1所示。精确定位技术在网络安全、内容分发、数字广告及网络犯罪追踪等地方具有重要应用价值。然而，IP地理定位面临诸多挑战。许多方法依赖全球定位系统（GPS, global positioning system）[2] 、北斗卫星导航（BDS, Beid