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Python 实现 MCP 客户端全指南:从基础调用到高级功能_python mcp


引言:MCP 客户端开发入门

1.1 MCP 客户端的角色与价值

MCP(模型上下文协议)客户端作为 AI 应用与外部工具的桥梁,负责:

  • 建立与 MCP 服务器的安全通信
  • 标准化请求格式与参数验证
  • 处理响应解析与错误恢复
  • 维护会话状态与上下文流转

Python 作为 AI 开发首选语言,其 MCP 客户端具有以下优势:

  • 生态丰富:完善的 HTTP 客户端(requests/aiohttp)、数据验证(Pydantic)库支持
  • 开发效率:简洁的语法降低协议实现复杂度
  • 异步支持:原生协程支持高并发场景
  • 跨平台:兼容 Windows/macOS/Linux 及嵌入式环境

1.2 开发环境准备

1.2.1 系统要求
  • Python 版本:3.8+(推荐 3.10 + 以获得最佳异步性能)
  • 依赖库:

    bash

    pip install mcp-client[all] # 完整安装(含异步/加密/测试工具)# 或最小安装pip install mcp-client
1.2.2 基础配置

创建mcp_config.py

python

MCP_SERVER_URL = \"https://mcp.example.com\"AUTH_CREDENTIALS = { \"type\": \"api_key\", \"key\": \"your-secret-key\"}TIMEOUT = 30 # 秒MAX_RETRIES = 3

MCP 协议核心概念

2.1 通信模型详解

2.1.1 请求 - 响应模式

适用于查询操作,同步阻塞等待结果:

python

# 伪代码示例response = client.call_tool(\"weather.get\", {\"location\": \"Beijing\"})print(response.data) # {\"temperature\": 25, \"condition\": \"sunny\"}
2.1.2 通知模式

适用于日志上报等无需响应的场景:

python

client.notify(\"system.log\", {\"level\": \"info\", \"message\": \"Task completed\"})
2.1.3 流式模式

通过 Server-Sent Events 接收实时数据:

python

for event in client.stream(\"monitor.metrics\"): print(f\"Received metric: {event.data}\")

2.2 消息结构解析

2.2.1 标准字段

json

{ \"message_id\": \"uuid-123\", \"sender\": \"python-client\", \"receiver\": \"tool-weather\", \"timestamp\": \"2025-08-01T10:00:00Z\", \"performative\": \"request\", \"content\": \"{\\\"location\\\":\\\"Shanghai\\\"}\", \"metadata\": { \"trace_id\": \"span-456\", \"priority\": \"normal\" }}
  • performative:消息意图,常用值包括 request/inform/agree/refuse
  • metadata:扩展字段,支持分布式追踪、优先级控制等高级功能
2.2.2 错误响应格式

json

{ \"message_id\": \"uuid-456\", \"reply_to\": \"uuid-123\", \"performative\": \"refuse\", \"content\": \"Invalid location parameter\", \"error\": { \"code\": -32602, \"message\": \"Location must be a valid city name\", \"details\": {\"param\": \"location\"} }}

Python MCP SDK 详解

3.1 核心 API 概览

3.1.1 同步客户端

python

from mcp.client import MCPClient# 初始化客户端client = MCPClient( server_url=MCP_SERVER_URL, auth=AUTH_CREDENTIALS, timeout=TIMEOUT, max_retries=MAX_RETRIES)# 调用工具response = client.call_tool( tool_name=\"weather.get\", parameters={\"location\": \"Beijing\"}, priority=\"high\")# 处理响应if response.success: print(f\"Temperature: {response.data[\'temperature\']}\")else: print(f\"Error: {response.error.message}\")
3.1.2 异步客户端

python

import asynciofrom mcp.client.async_client import AsyncMCPClientasync def main(): async with AsyncMCPClient( server_url=MCP_SERVER_URL, auth=AUTH_CREDENTIALS ) as client: response = await client.call_tool( \"weather.get\", {\"location\": \"Shanghai\"} ) print(response.data)asyncio.run(main())

3.2 配置项详解

参数 类型 默认值 说明 server_url str 必需 MCP 服务器 URL auth dict None 认证信息,支持 api_key/oauth2 等 timeout float 30.0 超时时间(秒) max_retries int 3 最大重试次数 retry_delay float 1.0 初始重试延迟(秒,指数退避) verify_ssl bool True 是否验证服务器 SSL 证书 http_proxy str None HTTP 代理地址 user_agent str \"mcp-python/1.0\" 用户代理字符串 compression str \"gzip\" 压缩算法(gzip/brotli/none)

3.3 异常体系

python

from mcp.exceptions import ( MCPError, ConnectionError, AuthenticationError, TimeoutError, ToolError)try: client.call_tool(\"weather.get\", {\"location\": \"Invalid\"})except AuthenticationError as e: print(f\"认证失败: {e}\") # 触发重新认证流程except ToolError as e: print(f\"工具返回错误: {e.code} - {e.message}\")except TimeoutError: print(\"请求超时,请检查网络\")except MCPError as e: print(f\"MCP协议错误: {e}\")

基础功能实现

4.1 连接管理

4.1.1 认证机制

支持多种认证方式:

python

# API密钥认证auth_api_key = {\"type\": \"api_key\", \"key\": \"your-key\"}# OAuth2认证auth_oauth2 = { \"type\": \"oauth2\", \"token_url\": \"https://auth.example.com/token\", \"client_id\": \"your-id\", \"client_secret\": \"your-secret\", \"scope\": \"mcp.read mcp.write\"}client = MCPClient(auth=auth_oauth2)
4.1.2 安全通信

python

# 自定义CA证书client = MCPClient( server_url=\"https://mcp.example.com\", verify_ssl=True, ssl_ca_cert=\"/path/to/custom-ca.pem\")# 客户端证书认证client = MCPClient( ssl_client_cert=\"/path/to/client-cert.pem\", ssl_client_key=\"/path/to/client-key.pem\")

4.2 工具调用实现

4.2.1 基本调用流程

python

def get_weather(city: str) -> dict: \"\"\"获取指定城市天气\"\"\" try: response = client.call_tool( tool_name=\"weather.get\", parameters={\"location\": city}, metadata={\"trace_id\": \"user-123\"} # 自定义追踪ID ) response.raise_for_status() # 若失败抛出异常 return response.data except ToolError as e: logger.error(f\"天气查询失败: {e}\") return {\"error\": str(e)}
4.2.2 批量调用

python

# 批量调用多个工具requests = [ {\"tool\": \"weather.get\", \"params\": {\"location\": \"Beijing\"}}, {\"tool\": \"news.get\", \"params\": {\"category\": \"technology\"}}]responses = client.batch_call(requests)for resp in responses: if resp.success: print(f\"{resp.tool}: {resp.data}\") else: print(f\"{resp.tool} failed: {resp.error}\")

4.3 响应处理

4.3.1 数据解析与类型转换

python

from pydantic import BaseModelclass WeatherResponse(BaseModel): temperature: float condition: str humidity: int wind_speed: float# 使用Pydantic验证响应数据try: response = client.call_tool(\"weather.get\", {\"location\": \"Guangzhou\"}) weather = WeatherResponse(**response.data) print(f\"温度: {weather.temperature}°C\")except ValidationError as e: print(f\"响应格式错误: {e}\")
4.3.2 流式响应处理

python

# 处理流式数据for event in client.stream_tool(\"monitor.logs\", {\"service\": \"api\"}): if event.type == \"data\": print(f\"日志: {event.data}\") elif event.type == \"error\": print(f\"流错误: {event.error}\") elif event.type == \"close\": print(\"流结束\") break

高级特性开发

5.1 异步客户端实现

使用 aiohttp 实现高性能异步调用:

python

import aiohttpfrom mcp.client.async_client import AsyncMCPClientasync def async_weather_query(cities: list): async with AsyncMCPClient( server_url=MCP_SERVER_URL, auth=AUTH_CREDENTIALS ) as client: # 并发调用 tasks = [ client.call_tool(\"weather.get\", {\"location\": city}) for city in cities ] results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks, return_exceptions=True) # 处理结果 for city, result in zip(cities, results): if isinstance(result, Exception): print(f\"{city}查询失败: {result}\") else: print(f\"{city}: {result.data[\'temperature\']}°C\")# 并发查询多个城市asyncio.run(async_weather_query([\"Beijing\", \"Shanghai\", \"Guangzhou\"]))

5.2 中间件机制

自定义请求 / 响应处理:

python

from mcp.client.middleware import BaseMiddlewareclass LoggingMiddleware(BaseMiddleware): def __init__(self, logger): self.logger = logger async def process_request(self, request): self.logger.info(f\"Sending MCP request: {request}\") return request async def process_response(self, request, response): self.logger.info(f\"Received response: {response}\") return response async def process_exception(self, request, exception): self.logger.error(f\"Request failed: {exception}\") return exception# 添加中间件client = MCPClient( server_url=MCP_SERVER_URL, middlewares=[LoggingMiddleware(logger)])

5.3 上下文管理与会话

保持跨请求状态:

python

# 创建带会话的客户端with client.start_session() as session: # 第一次调用 session.call_tool(\"auth.login\", {\"user\": \"admin\"}) # 后续调用自动携带会话信息 session.call_tool(\"data.query\", {\"query\": \"select * from users\"}) # 会话结束自动登出 session.call_tool(\"auth.logout\")

5.4 自定义适配器

扩展支持非标准 MCP 服务:

python

from mcp.adapters import BaseAdapterclass LegacySystemAdapter(BaseAdapter): def __init__(self, api_url): self.api_url = api_url def query_data(self, params): # 调用旧系统API response = requests.post(f\"{self.api_url}/query\", json=params) return response.json()# 注册为MCP资源client.register_adapter(\"legacy\", LegacySystemAdapter(\"https://legacy.example.com\"))# 通过MCP客户端调用data = client.call_adapter(\"legacy\", \"query_data\", {\"param\": \"value\"})

性能优化

6.1 连接复用

配置 HTTP连接池:

python

from urllib3 import PoolManager# 自定义连接池http_pool = PoolManager( num_pools=10, # 连接池数量 maxsize=100, # 每个池的最大连接数 timeout=30)client = MCPClient( server_url=MCP_SERVER_URL, http_pool=http_pool)

6.2 请求批处理

减少网络往返:

python

# 批量调用APIbatch_request = [ {\"tool\": \"user.get\", \"params\": {\"id\": 1}}, {\"tool\": \"user.get\", \"params\": {\"id\": 2}}, {\"tool\": \"user.get\", \"params\": {\"id\": 3}}]# 单次请求发送多个工具调用responses = client.batch_call(batch_request)

6.3 本地缓存

缓存频繁访问结果:

python

from mcp.client.cache import CacheMiddlewarefrom cachetools import TTLCache# 创建缓存(最大1000项,10分钟过期)cache = TTLCache(maxsize=1000, ttl=600)client = MCPClient( middlewares=[CacheMiddleware(cache)])# 第一次调用:实际发送请求response1 = client.call_tool(\"weather.get\", {\"location\": \"Beijing\"})# 短时间内再次调用:从缓存获取response2 = client.call_tool(\"weather.get\", {\"location\": \"Beijing\"})

6.4 压缩传输

减少网络带宽消耗:

python

client = MCPClient( server_url=MCP_SERVER_URL, compression=\"gzip\", # 启用gzip压缩 compression_level=6 # 压缩级别(1-9,越高压缩率越好但耗时))

实战案例

7.1 智能客服工具调用

python

def handle_customer_query(query: str) -> str: \"\"\"处理客户查询并调用适当工具\"\"\" # 1. 意图识别 intent = client.call_tool( \"nlp.classify_intent\", {\"text\": query} ).data[\"intent\"] if intent == \"weather_query\": # 2. 提取实体 entities = client.call_tool( \"nlp.extract_entities\", {\"text\": query, \"types\": [\"location\"]} ).data[\"entities\"] location = entities[0][\"value\"] if entities else \"Beijing\" # 3. 查询天气 weather = client.call_tool( \"weather.get\", {\"location\": location} ).data return f\"{location}今天天气:{weather[\'condition\']},{weather[\'temperature\']}°C\" elif intent == \"order_status\": # 处理订单查询... pass else: return \"抱歉,我无法理解您的问题\"

7.2 自动化运维脚本

python

def monitor_system(): \"\"\"监控系统状态并自动处理异常\"\"\" while True: # 获取系统指标 metrics = client.call_tool(\"monitor.get_metrics\") # 检查CPU使用率 if metrics[\"cpu_usage\"] > 80: # 自动扩容 client.call_tool(\"auto_scaling.scale_out\", {\"instances\": 1}) logger.warning(f\"CPU使用率过高,已扩容\") # 检查内存使用率 if metrics[\"memory_usage\"] > 85: # 清理缓存 client.call_tool(\"system.clear_cache\") logger.warning(f\"内存使用率过高,已清理缓存\") time.sleep(60) # 每分钟检查一次

7.3 多智能体协作客户端

python

def协作任务处理(task: dict): \"\"\"多智能体协作完成复杂任务\"\"\" # 1. 任务分解 subtasks = client.call_tool(\"planner.split_task\", {\"task\": task}) # 2. 分配给不同智能体 results = [] for subtask in subtasks: agent = select_agent(subtask[\"type\"]) # 选择合适的智能体 result = client.call_agent(agent, subtask) results.append(result) # 3. 结果汇总 final_result = client.call_tool(\"planner.merge_results\", {\"results\": results}) return final_result

测试与调试

8.1 单元测试

使用 pytest 测试客户端功能:

python

import pytestfrom unittest.mock import Mock, patchdef test_call_tool_success(): # Mock MCP客户端 with patch(\"mcp.client.MCPClient\") as mock_client: # 配置mock响应 mock_response = Mock() mock_response.success = True mock_response.data = {\"temperature\": 25} mock_client.return_value.call_tool.return_value = mock_response # 测试代码 client = MCPClient(\"https://test\") result = client.call_tool(\"weather.get\", {\"location\": \"Test\"}) # 断言 assert result.success assert result.data[\"temperature\"] == 25 mock_client.return_value.call_tool.assert_called_once_with( \"weather.get\", {\"location\": \"Test\"} )

8.2 集成测试

测试端到端流程:

python

def test_integration_weather_query(): \"\"\"测试真实MCP服务器交互\"\"\" client = MCPClient( server_url=\"https://mcp-test.example.com\", auth={\"type\": \"api_key\", \"key\": \"test-key\"} ) try: response = client.call_tool(\"weather.get\", {\"location\": \"Beijing\"}) assert response.success assert \"temperature\" in response.data assert isinstance(response.data[\"temperature\"], (int, float)) finally: client.close()

8.3 调试工具

python

# 启用详细日志import logginglogging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)# 配置客户端日志client = MCPClient( server_url=MCP_SERVER_URL, debug=True # 启用调试模式,记录请求/响应详情)# 使用抓包工具client = MCPClient( server_url=MCP_SERVER_URL, http_proxy=\"http://localhost:8080\" # 代理到Charles/Fiddler)

部署与监控

9.1 Docker 容器化

创建 Dockerfile:

dockerfile

FROM python:3.11-slimWORKDIR /appCOPY requirements.txt .RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txtCOPY . .# 健康检查HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=10s --start-period=60s --retries=3 \\ CMD python -c \"from healthcheck import check; check()\"CMD [\"python\", \"main.py\"]

docker-compose.yml:

yaml

version: \'3\'services: mcp-client: build: . environment: - MCP_SERVER_URL=https://mcp.example.com - MCP_API_KEY=your-key restart: always logging: driver: \"json-file\" options: max-size: \"10m\" max-file: \"3\"

9.2 性能监控

收集关键指标:

python

from prometheus_client import Counter, Histogram# 定义指标MCP_CALLS = Counter(\"mcp_calls_total\", \"Total MCP calls\", [\"tool\", \"success\"])MCP_LATENCY = Histogram(\"mcp_latency_seconds\", \"MCP call latency\", [\"tool\"])def monitored_call_tool(tool_name, parameters): \"\"\"带监控的工具调用\"\"\" with MCP_LATENCY.labels(tool=tool_name).time(): try: response = client.call_tool(tool_name, parameters) MCP_CALLS.labels(tool=tool_name, success=\"true\").inc() return response except Exception: MCP_CALLS.labels(tool=tool_name, success=\"false\").inc() raise

9.3 告警机制

异常情况及时通知:

python

def check_mcp_health(): \"\"\"检查MCP服务健康状态\"\"\" try: response = client.call_tool(\"system.health_check\") if not response.success or response.data[\"status\"] != \"healthy\": send_alert(f\"MCP服务异常: {response.data}\") except Exception as e: send_alert(f\"MCP健康检查失败: {e}\")# 定时执行健康检查schedule.every(5).minutes.do(check_mcp_health)while True: schedule.run_pending() time.sleep(1)

常见问题与解决方案

10.1 连接问题

问题 原因 解决方案 连接超时 网络不通 / 服务器未启动 检查网络连接 / 确认服务器状态 / 增加超时时间 SSL 错误 证书无效 / 域名不匹配 验证证书 / 关闭测试环境 SSL 验证(生产环境不推荐) 代理失败 代理配置错误 检查代理地址 / 认证信息

10.2 协议兼容性

python

# 处理不同MCP版本client = MCPClient( server_url=MCP_SERVER_URL, protocol_version=\"1.0\" # 明确指定协议版本)# 检测服务器支持的版本versions = client.negotiate_version([\"1.1\", \"1.0\"])print(f\"服务器支持的MCP版本: {versions}\")

10.3 性能问题

症状 可能原因 优化措施 响应慢 网络延迟 / 服务器负载高 使用更靠近的服务器 / 优化服务器性能 / 启用缓存 高 CPU 占用 本地 JSON 解析 / 加密耗时 使用更快的 JSON 库 / 优化加密配置 / 异步处理 内存泄漏 连接未释放 / 缓存无限制 确保正确关闭连接 / 设置缓存大小限制

10.4 数据一致性

处理分布式系统的数据一致性问题:

python

def ensure_transaction(): \"\"\"确保MCP调用的事务一致性\"\"\" transaction_id = generate_uuid() try: # 开始事务 client.call_tool(\"transaction.begin\", {\"id\": transaction_id}) # 执行操作 client.call_tool(\"order.create\", {\"transaction_id\": transaction_id, ...}) client.call_tool(\"inventory.update\", {\"transaction_id\": transaction_id, ...}) # 提交事务 client.call_tool(\"transaction.commit\", {\"id\": transaction_id}) except Exception as e: # 回滚事务 client.call_tool(\"transaction.rollback\", {\"id\": transaction_id}) raise

结语

Python MCP 客户端为构建智能应用提供了强大而灵活的工具,从简单的工具调用到复杂的多智能体协作,都能通过简洁的 API 实现。本文详细介绍了客户端开发的各个方面,包括基础功能、高级特性、性能优化和实战案例,希望能帮助开发者快速掌握 MCP 客户端开发技能。

随着 MCP 协议的不断发展,Python SDK 也将持续更新以支持新特性。建议开发者关注官方仓库和社区,及时获取最新版本和最佳实践。通过合理使用 MCP 客户端,您可以构建出更智能、更高效、更可靠的 AI 应用。