66个JAVA常见代码大全：学完这篇从Java小白到AI全栈架构师

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66个JAVA常见代码大全：学完这篇从Java小白到AI全栈架构师

摘要：本文详细列举了 66 个 Java 编程中的关键代码示例，包括基础语法、数据类型、条件判断、循环、数组、方法、面向对象、继承、接口、抽象类、多态、封装、静态变量、内部类、匿名类、泛型、集合框架、异常处理、文件 I/O、多线程、同步以及高级并发概念，帮助你从入门到成长为架构师。

66个Java常见代码大全：学完这篇从Java小白到AI全栈架构师

引言

在当今的编程世界中，Java 作为一种广泛使用的编程语言，涵盖了从基础语法到复杂架构的方方面面。无论是刚接触编程的新手，还是经验丰富的开发者，掌握Java的核心技术和常用模式，都是成为一名高效开发者的必经之路。本篇文章将带您通过 66 个关键代码示例，从零开始深入学习 Java，从最基础的语法到高阶的并发编程，帮助您成为一名合格的 全栈开发者 或 架构师。

这篇文章不仅包含了 Java 编程语言 中的核心概念、常见技术栈，还为您详细解析了 面向对象编程（OOP）与 多线程并发 的实际应用技巧。无论是构建简单的应用程序，还是设计复杂的分布式系统，本文的示例代码将为您提供明确的指导，帮助您快速上手并实现功能。
66个JAVA常见代码大全：学完这篇从Java小白到AI全栈架构师

文章目录

66个JAVA常见代码大全：学完这篇从Java小白到AI全栈架构师
- 使用说明
- - 1. Hello World
  - 2. 变量与类型
  - 3. 类型转换
  - 4. 常量 final
  - 5. 运算符
  - 6. 字符串操作
  - 7. 控制台输入
  - 8. 格式化输出
  - 9. if-else
  - 10. switch 表达式
  - 11. for 循环
  - 12. while/do-while
  - 13. break/continue/标签
  - 14. 增强 for
  - 15. 一维数组
  - 16. 二维数组
  - 17. Arrays 工具类
  - 18. 方法与重载
  - 19. 可变参数
  - 20. 类与对象
  - 21. 封装
  - 22. 构造器与 this
  - 23. static 成员与静态块
  - 24. 继承与 super
  - 25. 多态与重写
  - 26. 抽象类
  - 27. 接口（default/static）
  - 28. 内部类与匿名类
  - 29. 泛型类
  - 30. 泛型方法与通配符（PECS）
  - 31. 枚举
  - 32. ArrayList/LinkedList
  - 33. HashMap/LinkedHashMap/TreeMap
  - 34. HashSet/LinkedHashSet/TreeSet
  - 35. Queue/Deque
  - 36. Comparable/Comparator
  - 37. Stream 基本操作
  - 38. Optional
  - 39. Collectors 分组/分区
  - 40. try-catch-finally & 多重捕获
  - 41. 自定义异常
  - 42. try-with-resources
  - 43. NIO.2 文件读写
  - 44. 对象序列化
  - 45. 缓冲流
  - 46. 目录遍历 Files.walk
  - 47. 正则表达式
  - 48. 命令行参数
  - 49. 创建线程：Thread/Runnable
  - 50. sleep/yield/join
  - 51. synchronized 同步
  - 52. volatile 可见性演示
  - 53. 原子类 AtomicInteger
  - 54. ReentrantLock
  - 55. ReadWriteLock
  - 56. Condition await/signal
  - 57. ThreadLocal
  - 58. BlockingQueue 生产者-消费者
  - 59. CountDownLatch
  - 60. CyclicBarrier
  - 61. Semaphore
  - 62. Phaser
  - 63. ExecutorService 线程池
  - 64. ScheduledExecutorService 定时任务
  - 65. CompletableFuture
  - 66. ForkJoinPool
- 进一步学习与架构思维
- 结束语

使用说明

环境建议：JDK 17（兼容 11+）、Gradle/Maven 均可。
示例风格：每节给出 1 个小示例，
- 简短解释 + 可运行/可复用的核心代码；
- 为避免类名冲突，示例类名各不相同或仅展示片段；
- 可将多个示例放入同一工程的 src/main/java 目录下单独运行。

如何运行：

# 以单文件方式运行javac Demo01.java && java Demo01

1. Hello World

public class Demo01 { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(\"Hello, World!\"); }}

2. 变量与类型

public class Demo02 { public static void main(String[] args) { int age = 18; double score = 98.5; boolean ok = true; char c = \'A\'; long big = 9_223_372_036_854_775_807L; // 下划线增强可读性 var msg = \"Java\"; // JDK 10 局部类型推断 System.out.printf(\"age=%d, score=%.1f, ok=%b, c=%c, msg=%s\\n\", age, score, ok, c, msg); }}

3. 类型转换

public class Demo03 { public static void main(String[] args) { int i = 10; long l = i; // 自动提升 double d = l; int j = (int) d; // 强转可能丢失精度 System.out.println(j); }}

4. 常量 final

public class Demo04 { public static final double PI = 3.141592653589793; public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(PI); }}

5. 运算符

public class Demo05 { public static void main(String[] args) { int a = 5, b = 2; System.out.println(a / b); // 2 整除 System.out.println(a / (double) b); // 2.5 浮点 System.out.println(a++); // 5（先用后加） System.out.println(++a); // 7（先加后用） System.out.println(a & 1); // 位运算判断奇偶 }}

6. 字符串操作

public class Demo06 { public static void main(String[] args) { String s = \" Java \"; System.out.println(s.trim().toUpperCase().replace(\" \", \"\")); System.out.println(String.join(\",\", \"A\", \"B\", \"C\")); }}

7. 控制台输入

import java.util.*;public class Demo07 { public static void main(String[] args) { try (Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in)) { System.out.print(\"请输入名字: \"); String name = sc.nextLine(); System.out.println(\"Hi, \" + name); } }}

8. 格式化输出

public class Demo08 { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.printf(\"%-10s | %8.2f\\n\", \"Revenue\", 12345.678); }}

9. if-else

public class Demo09 { public static void main(String[] args) { int score = 86; String level = score >= 90 ? \"A\" : score >= 80 ? \"B\" : \"C\"; System.out.println(level); }}

10. switch 表达式

public class Demo10 { public static void main(String[] args) { String day = \"MON\"; int num = switch (day) { case \"MON\", \"TUE\", \"WED\", \"THU\", \"FRI\" -> 1; case \"SAT\", \"SUN\" -> 2; default -> 0; }; System.out.println(num); }}

11. for 循环

public class Demo11 { public static void main(String[] args) { int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) sum += i; System.out.println(sum); }}

12. while/do-while

public class Demo12 { public static void main(String[] args) { int n = 3; do { System.out.println(n--); } while (n > 0); }}

13. break/continue/标签

public class Demo13 { public static void main(String[] args) { outer: for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) { if (i == 1 && j == 1) break outer; System.out.printf(\"(%d,%d) \", i, j); } } }}

14. 增强 for

import java.util.*;public class Demo14 { public static void main(String[] args) { for (var x : List.of(1,2,3)) System.out.println(x); }}

15. 一维数组

import java.util.Arrays;public class Demo15 { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] arr = {3,1,2}; Arrays.sort(arr); System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr)); }}

16. 二维数组

import java.util.Arrays;public class Demo16 { public static void main(String[] args) { int[][] m = {{1,2},{3,4}}; System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(m)); }}

17. Arrays 工具类

import java.util.Arrays;public class Demo17 { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] a = {1,3,5,7}; System.out.println(Arrays.binarySearch(a,5)); int[] b = Arrays.copyOf(a, 6); System.out.println(Arrays.toString(b)); }}

18. 方法与重载

public class Demo18 { static int add(int a, int b){return a+b;} static double add(double a, double b){return a+b;} public static void main(String[] args){System.out.println(add(1,2));System.out.println(add(1.2,3.4));}}

19. 可变参数

public class Demo19 { static int sum(int... xs){int s=0; for(int x:xs) s+=x; return s;} public static void main(String[] a){System.out.println(sum(1,2,3,4));}}

20. 类与对象

class User { String name; int age; }public class Demo20 { public static void main(String[] args){ User u=new User(); u.name=\"Tom\"; u.age=20; System.out.println(u.name+\":\"+u.age);} }

21. 封装

class Account { private double balance; public double getBalance(){return balance;} public void deposit(double amt){ if(amt<=0) throw new IllegalArgumentException(); balance+=amt; }}

22. 构造器与 this

class Point { int x,y; Point(){this(0,0);} Point(int x,int y){this.x=x;this.y=y;}}

23. static 成员与静态块

class IdGen { static long next=1; static { System.out.println(\"class loaded\"); } static synchronized long nextId(){return next++;}}

24. 继承与 super

class Animal { void say(){System.out.println(\"...\");} }class Dog extends Animal { @Override void say(){ super.say(); System.out.println(\"wang\"); } }

25. 多态与重写

class Shape { double area(){return 0;} }class Circle extends Shape { double r; Circle(double r){this.r=r;} @Override double area(){return Math.PI*r*r;} }class Square extends Shape { double a; Square(double a){this.a=a;} @Override double area(){return a*a;} }

26. 抽象类

abstract class Transport { abstract void move(); }class Car extends Transport { void move(){ System.out.println(\"Car go\"); } }

27. 接口（default/static）

interface Logger { void info(String msg); default void warn(String msg){System.out.println(\"WARN \"+msg);} static Logger nop(){return m->{};} }

28. 内部类与匿名类

class Outer { private int v=42; class Inner { int get(){ return v; } } // 成员内部类}class UseAnon { static Runnable r = new Runnable(){ public void run(){ System.out.println(\"anon run\"); } };}

29. 泛型类

class Box<T> { private T v; public void set(T v){this.v=v;} public T get(){return v;} }

30. 泛型方法与通配符（PECS）

import java.util.*;class G { static <T> void copy(List<? super T> dst, List<? extends T> src){ dst.addAll(src); } // Producer Extends, Consumer Super}

31. 枚举

enum Role { ADMIN, USER, GUEST }

32. ArrayList/LinkedList

import java.util.*;public class Demo32 { public static void main(String[] a){ List<Integer> arr = new ArrayList<>(); arr.add(1); arr.add(2); Deque<Integer> link = new LinkedList<>(); link.addFirst(3); link.addLast(4); System.out.println(arr+\" | \"+link);}}

33. HashMap/LinkedHashMap/TreeMap

import java.util.*;public class Demo33 { public static void main(String[] a){ Map<String,Integer> m1=new HashMap<>(); m1.put(\"b\",2); m1.put(\"a\",1); Map<String,Integer> m2=new LinkedHashMap<>(); m2.put(\"b\",2); m2.put(\"a\",1); Map<String,Integer> m3=new TreeMap<>(); m3.put(\"b\",2); m3.put(\"a\",1); System.out.println(m1.keySet()); System.out.println(m2.keySet()); System.out.println(m3.keySet());}}

34. HashSet/LinkedHashSet/TreeSet

import java.util.*;public class Demo34 { public static void main(String[] a){ System.out.println(new HashSet<>(List.of(3,1,2))); // 无序 System.out.println(new LinkedHashSet<>(List.of(3,1,2))); // 插入序 System.out.println(new TreeSet<>(List.of(3,1,2))); // 自然序}}

35. Queue/Deque

import java.util.*;public class Demo35 { public static void main(String[] a){ Queue<Integer> q = new ArrayDeque<>(); q.offer(1); q.offer(2); System.out.println(q.poll()); Deque<Integer> d = new ArrayDeque<>(); d.addFirst(1); d.addLast(2); System.out.println(d.removeLast());}}

36. Comparable/Comparator

import java.util.*;class Person implements Comparable<Person>{ String n; int a; Person(String n,int a){this.n=n;this.a=a;} public int compareTo(Person o){return Integer.compare(a,o.a);} public String toString(){return n+\":\"+a;} }public class Demo36 { public static void main(String[] a){ List<Person> list = new ArrayList<>(List.of(new Person(\"A\",30),new Person(\"B\",20))); list.sort(Comparator.comparing(p->p.n)); // 使用 Comparator System.out.println(list);}}

37. Stream 基本操作

import java.util.*; import java.util.stream.*;public class Demo37 { public static void main(String[] a){ var r = IntStream.rangeClosed(1,10).filter(x->x%2==0).map(x->x*x).boxed().toList(); System.out.println(r);}}

38. Optional

import java.util.*;public class Demo38 { static Optional<String> find(boolean ok){ return ok?Optional.of(\"ok\"):Optional.empty(); } public static void main(String[] a){ System.out.println(find(true).orElse(\"N/A\")); }}

39. Collectors 分组/分区

import java.util.*; import java.util.stream.*;public class Demo39 { public static void main(String[] a){ record P(String n,int a){} var ps = List.of(new P(\"A\",18), new P(\"B\",20), new P(\"C\",20)); var byAge = ps.stream().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(P::a)); var part = ps.stream().collect(Collectors.partitioningBy(p->p.a>=20)); System.out.println(byAge); System.out.println(part);}}

40. try-catch-finally & 多重捕获

public class Demo40 { public static void main(String[] args) { try { Integer.parseInt(\"x\"); } catch (NumberFormatException | NullPointerException e) { System.out.println(\"bad number\"); } finally { System.out.println(\"done\"); } }}

41. 自定义异常

class BizException extends RuntimeException { BizException(String m){super(m);} }

42. try-with-resources

import java.io.*;public class Demo42 { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { try (var in = new ByteArrayInputStream(\"hi\".getBytes()); var out = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) { out.write(in.readAllBytes()); System.out.println(out); } }}

43. NIO.2 文件读写

import java.nio.file.*; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import java.io.IOException;public class Demo43 { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { Path p = Path.of(\"/tmp/demo.txt\"); Files.writeString(p, \"hello\", StandardCharsets.UTF_8); System.out.println(Files.readString(p)); }}

44. 对象序列化

import java.io.*;class Book implements Serializable { String name; Book(String n){name=n;} }public class Demo44 { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { var f = new File(\"/tmp/book.bin\"); try (var o = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(f))) { o.writeObject(new Book(\"Java\")); } try (var i = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(f))) { System.out.println(((Book)i.readObject()).name); } }}

45. 缓冲流

import java.io.*;public class Demo45 { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { try (var in = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(\"/etc/hosts\"))) { byte[] buf = in.readAllBytes(); System.out.println(buf.length); } }}

46. 目录遍历 Files.walk

import java.nio.file.*; import java.io.IOException;public class Demo46 { public static void main(String[] a) throws IOException { try (var s = Files.walk(Path.of(\".\"), 1)) { s.forEach(System.out::println); } }}

47. 正则表达式

import java.util.regex.*;public class Demo47 { public static void main(String[] a){ var m = Pattern.compile(\"(\\\\w+)@(\\\\w+\\\\.\\\\w+)\").matcher(\"hi a@b.com\"); if(m.find()) System.out.println(m.group(1)+\"@\"+m.group(2));}}

48. 命令行参数

public class Demo48 { public static void main(String[] args){ for(String s:args) System.out.println(s); } }

49. 创建线程：Thread/Runnable

public class Demo49 { public static void main(String[] a){ new Thread(() -> System.out.println(\"hi from \" + Thread.currentThread().getName())).start(); }}

50. sleep/yield/join

public class Demo50 { public static void main(String[] a) throws InterruptedException { Thread t = new Thread(() -> { try { Thread.sleep(100); } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {} }); t.start(); t.join(); System.out.println(\"joined\"); }}

51. synchronized 同步

class Counter { private int c; public synchronized void inc(){ c++; } public synchronized int get(){ return c; } }

52. volatile 可见性演示

public class Demo52 { static volatile boolean running = true; // 保证线程间可见 public static void main(String[] a) throws Exception { var t = new Thread(() -> { while(running){} }); t.start(); Thread.sleep(10); running = false; t.join(); System.out.println(\"stop\"); }}

53. 原子类 AtomicInteger

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;class Cnt { AtomicInteger n = new AtomicInteger(); void inc(){ n.incrementAndGet(); } }

54. ReentrantLock

import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;class SafeBox { private int v; private final Lock lock=new ReentrantLock(); void set(int x){ lock.lock(); try{ v=x; } finally{ lock.unlock(); } } int get(){ lock.lock(); try{ return v; } finally{ lock.unlock(); } }}

55. ReadWriteLock

import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;class CacheRW { private int v; private final ReadWriteLock rw = new ReentrantReadWriteLock(); int get(){ rw.readLock().lock(); try { return v; } finally { rw.readLock().unlock(); } } void set(int x){ rw.writeLock().lock(); try { v=x; } finally { rw.writeLock().unlock(); } }}

56. Condition await/signal

import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;class Waiter { final Lock lock=new ReentrantLock(); final Condition ready=lock.newCondition(); boolean ok=false; void waitIt() throws InterruptedException { lock.lock(); try{ while(!ok) ready.await(); } finally{ lock.unlock(); } } void fire(){ lock.lock(); try{ ok=true; ready.signalAll(); } finally{ lock.unlock(); } }}

57. ThreadLocal

public class Demo57 { static ThreadLocal<String> ctx = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> \"guest\"); }

58. BlockingQueue 生产者-消费者

import java.util.concurrent.*;public class Demo58 { public static void main(String[] a) throws Exception { BlockingQueue<Integer> q = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(2); new Thread(() -> { try { for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){ q.put(i); } q.put(-1); } catch (InterruptedException ignored){} }).start(); new Thread(() -> { try { for(;;){ int x=q.take(); if(x==-1) break; System.out.println(\"consume \"+x); } } catch (InterruptedException ignored){} }).start(); }}

59. CountDownLatch

import java.util.concurrent.*;public class Demo59 { public static void main(String[] a) throws Exception { var latch=new CountDownLatch(3); for(int i=0;i<3;i++) new Thread(() -> { latch.countDown(); }).start(); latch.await(); System.out.println(\"all done\");}}

60. CyclicBarrier

import java.util.concurrent.*;public class Demo60 { public static void main(String[] a){ var barrier=new CyclicBarrier(3, ()-> System.out.println(\"go!\")); for(int i=0;i<3;i++) new Thread(() -> { try { barrier.await(); } catch (Exception ignored){} }).start();}}

61. Semaphore

import java.util.concurrent.*;public class Demo61 { public static void main(String[] a){ var sem = new Semaphore(2); for(int i=0;i<5;i++) new Thread(() -> { try { sem.acquire(); System.out.println(\"in\"); Thread.sleep(50); } catch (Exception ignored){} finally { sem.release(); } }).start();}}

62. Phaser

import java.util.concurrent.*;public class Demo62 { public static void main(String[] a){ Phaser p = new Phaser(3); for(int i=0;i<3;i++) new Thread(() -> { p.arriveAndAwaitAdvance(); System.out.println(\"phase1\"); p.arriveAndDeregister(); }).start();}}

63. ExecutorService 线程池

import java.util.concurrent.*;public class Demo63 { public static void main(String[] a) throws Exception { ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4); Future<Integer> f = pool.submit(() -> 42); System.out.println(f.get()); pool.shutdown();}}

64. ScheduledExecutorService 定时任务

import java.util.concurrent.*;public class Demo64 { public static void main(String[] a){ var sch = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1); sch.scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> System.out.println(\"tick\"), 0, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);}}

提示：示例 64 会持续打印，可在演示时添加退出条件或手动停止进程。

65. CompletableFuture

import java.util.concurrent.*;public class Demo65 { public static void main(String[] a) throws Exception { var f = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 21).thenApply(x -> x * 2); System.out.println(f.get());}}

66. ForkJoinPool

import java.util.concurrent.*; import java.util.*;public class Demo66 { static class Sum extends RecursiveTask<Long> { final int[] arr; final int lo, hi; static final int TH = 1_000; Sum(int[] arr,int lo,int hi){this.arr=arr;this.lo=lo;this.hi=hi;} protected Long compute(){ if(hi-lo<=TH){ long s=0; for(int i=lo;i<hi;i++) s+=arr[i]; return s; } int mid=(lo+hi)/2; var left=new Sum(arr,lo,mid); var right=new Sum(arr,mid,hi); left.fork(); long r=right.compute(); return left.join()+r; } } public static void main(String[] a){ int[] data=new Random().ints(1_000_000,1,10).toArray(); long s = ForkJoinPool.commonPool().invoke(new Sum(data,0,data.length)); System.out.println(s); }}

进一步学习与架构思维

从“写得通”到“写得稳”：单元测试、异常边界、不可变对象（record / Collections.unmodifiable*）。
从单体到分布式：理解并发原语到线程池隔离，进而到服务化（超时、重试、熔断、限流）的设计理念。
数据与 AI 接口：HTTP 客户端（Java 11+ HttpClient）、JSON 编解码（选择 Jackson/Gson 等库）、向量数据库/消息队列客户端的异步调用，落地到 CompletableFuture 组合编排。
性能与可观测：JFR（Java Flight Recorder）、JIT/GC 基础、指标与日志链路。

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结束语

通过本文的详细讲解和丰富示例，我们已经涵盖了 Java 编程中的 66 个关键技术点，并为您提供了从基础到进阶的学习路径。从 基本语法 到 多线程，每个概念都为您奠定了坚实的基础。通过实际代码示例和常见模式的掌握，您将能够轻松应对复杂项目和架构设计。

然而，技术的学习是一个持续的过程。希望本文能够成为您的学习指南，带领您迈向更加专业的编程生涯。接下来，您可以进一步探索 Java 的高级应用，如 分布式系统设计、微服务架构、以及 人工智能与大数据处理 等方向。让我们从基础到架构，再到性能优化和高可用设计，逐步提升您的技术能力。

如果您在学习过程中有任何问题，欢迎在评论区留言，或与我互动交流。不断实践，持续成长，未来的全栈架构师之路，已经向您敞开。让我们一起迎接下一个技术高峰！

66个JAVA常见代码大全：学完这篇从Java小白到AI全栈架构师